What Is Fashion?

An in depth discussion about fashion, its influence towards society and primarily causes responsible for these processes This essay offers a sociological approach towards fashion in which will be critically evaluated, in context of its influence on society, origins of fashion and whether external or/and internal causes are responsible for these processes. This essay begins with an introduction to fashion in a social aspect.According to Kumara (2005) the meaning of fashion is not Just about visual clothing but also the invisible elements behind it such as symbolic meanings and a sense of competition. Fashion is a trend of imitating those whom is admired and envied however fashion is never stationary or fixed, it is ever-changing but does not mean the old is discarded Just may be merely adjusted (Flues, 1930). Rubberiest (2001) argues that a style becomes a fashion through a process called â€Å"collective selection† the fashion is then imitated.This essay then goes into the his tory of fashion, what fashion was like before twenty first century, what the clothing meant to different social classes, with this it will explain how fashion was exposed to other social classes not Just the aristocrats. It is then followed by an evaluation of the importance of fashion in general for society then briefly mentions about the fashion values for boys and girls, men and women.Finally, concluding this essay with a summary of possible internal and/or external causes of the processes for fashion. One definition for fashion is the mass production of goods for adornment in which are imitated from people that are admired and envied however this is more of a modern phenomenon (Edwards, 1997; Flues, 1930). The definition for fashion will never be stationary therefore it is conceived as irrational because it has no content, arks as an external decoration, and carries no intellectual elements (Kumara, 2005).According to Kumara (2005) and Flues (1930) fashion is a concept of imitat ion, it is a fundamental human trait to imitate those who are admired or envied (e. G. Celebrities), and however Herbert Bubbler argued that a style becomes a fashion through the process of â€Å"collective selection† (as cited in Rubberiest, 2003 peg. 14). For example a designer offers a large number of styles on the runway; only a few of these are chosen by buyers, magazine editors, and boutique owners which are then offered to their clients.When consumers actually buy the clothes, those styles become the fashion; consumer relevance, not the designer's, turns a style into fashion (Rubberiest, 2001). In other words those who are admired get their styles from boutiques where the designers had offered their styles beforehand therefore consumers buys the selected styles of their choice and those styles then becomes the fashion – the style becomes a fashion quicker when the buyer is one an admired or envied person.Thus before something becomes a fashion it goes through th e process of collective selection then becomes the fashion object for people to imitate. However the paradox of fashion is that everyone is trying at the same time to be like but yet different, from the person they admire or new – to be like them in so far as they regards them as superiors, to be unlike them (in the sense of being more fashionable') (Flues, 1930).Another essential concept of fashion lies in competition – decoration has a sexual and social value, attractive, and striking forms of ornaments being useful both for purposes of sexual allurement and as signs of rank, wealth, or power – following the convention that the more elaborate and decorative the costume, the higher the social position of the wearer however this was a fashion phenomenon before the nineteenth century (Flues, 1930; Kumara, 2005).In contrast the bohemian fashion sense was less is more thus individuals tend to wear clothing that is simple and has a relaxing feel to it but yet contem porary. The Bohemian style applies to those who live an unconventional and artistic lifestyle thus it was stereotyped to those in the middle class and underclass (Wilson, 2000). However it was at a conference when Richard Florida made a speech about high tech Coos to discover that the bohemian style was not only for those of the middle class and under class people: muff can't have high tech innovation without art and music.All forms of creativity feed off each other†¦ Elf you really want to know how important this is don't ask the high tech Coos or the mayor or the Chamber of Commerce. Ask the guys in the band! â€Å"†¦ The musicians who looked like members of Cowan O'Brien late-night ensemble†¦ Were not local grunge's. They were high-tech Coos and venture capitalists† (Florida, 2003 peg. 191) The purpose of this quote was to show that mom high classed individuals do not dress extravagantly as to show off their wealth, it is quite the opposite.Also it illustrat es that the bohemian style has grown and expanded throughout all levels of the social classes. Before the nineteenth century fashion was only available for those with status such as the aristocrats, as mentioned before the more extravagant the clothing the higher the social position, this mainly occurred before the nineteenth century. Fashion in the fifteenth century is something different from fashion in the nineteenth and twentieth century.In the fifteenth century fashion was an indicator of class status, a court privilege monopolized by aristocracy while commoners would hardly dare call themselves fashionable because they will be frowned upon because they had no rights to be dressed as them, they are unwilling to abandon the signs of superiority and distinctiveness (Flues, 1930; Rubberiest, 2001). The extravagance of fashion in this case meaner higher social status therefore it is part of the individual's identity; the type of fashion people wore during these times distinguished the nobles from the commoners (Kumara, 2005).Flues (1930) mentions that when every man is as good as his fellows, there are no superior social strata left to imitate, and it would seem as though the race of fashion must end, since those behind have definitely caught up those in front. However in the nineteenth century no longer did the aristocracy alone lead fashion, but the wealthy that had the material meaner were invading into their social place therefore fashion became more available (Heywood ; Garcia, 2012; Flues, 1930; Rubberiest, 2001).By the twentieth century, fashion became increasingly democratic, and everyone, regardless of rank or status, had a eight to look fashionable (Heywood ; Garcia, 2012). With the naturalism that followed the French Revolution, the body once more came into its own rights, and the purpose of clothes became the relatively secondary one of throwing into relief the beauties of the body – fashion became more simple and exiguous, the exposure of the bohemian style (Flues, 1930).Therefore the idea of the more extravagant clothing the higher social status slowly diminished; the fashion trend changed and became available to the whole society and not Just the aristocrats. Thus fashion now plays a significant role in the manifestation of differences. The class boundary has become blurry since the decline of European aristocrats, and people desired to make subtle distinctions in order to differentiate themselves from others (Kumara, 2005). This is the modernity of fashion.Fashion is more than Just visual clothing and accessories but also act an indicator of social status or rank, personality or identity; it is also symbolic, expressive, creative, and coercive (Heywood ; Garcia, 2012; Kumara, 2005; Edwards, 1997). According to Flues (1930) fashion is symbolic; it can be presented as trophies (e. G. Hunter wears rare fox belt), terrorizing (consisting of parts of the fallen enemies which can be perceived as awe-inspiring and grueso me), sign of rank and/or occupation, sign of locality or nationality, display of wealth and extension of the bodily self (e. . A skirt can increase the feeling of size, importance, and beauty or how some skirts may add to the effect of movement). Fashion is more concerned with theories between people beyond kin, and the mechanisms through which we form affiliations and select partners with whom to co-operate with (Heywood ; Garcia, 2003). There are two aspects in particular contribute to individual's interaction preferences, and they unconsciously look for cues that signal trustworthiness and cooperation; fashion happens to be one of those cues (Heywood & Garcia, 2003).Therefore it is from their clothes that whether individuals form a good or bad first impression and this is very important especially when going for a job interview or meeting someone you like because people will Judge at first sight hence a good fashion sense can be essential. Indirect expression of an individual thr ough his garments enables us to Judge whether or not this acquaintance is reindeer, angry, frightened, curious, hurried or at ease. It also tells something about their sex, occupation, nationality, and social standing, and thus enabling us to make preliminary adjustment of our behavior towards them (Flues, 1930).For example two guys came up to a girl and both ask for her number, one guy in a messy shirt and ripped pants while the other in a decent shirt and Shares, the girl will most likely be more inclined to give the guy with decent clothes her number because he seems more trustworthy. However familiarity cause them to be overlooked, in other words his does not apply to those that individuals become familiar with because they have already been accepted into the group (Flues, 1930; Kumara 2005).According to Kumara (2005), Heywood and Garcia (2012) fashion is simultaneously about belonging into a group and innovating – distinguishing and identifying oneself; it helps us signa l group conformity, the innate, evolutionarily based need to fit in with the group; and it is about sex and status in that it increases our â€Å"mate value†. Fashion is the result of a great deal of influence which collectively determines the social Truckee of society. Fashion values differ within gender and females happens to be more intact with fashion than males however it does not mean that men do not.On the female side (women), use fashionable products to enhance or create an illusion of youth, beauty and fertility, and on the male (men) side, to display wealth and status (Heywood & Garcia, 2003). It has been stereotyped that fashion for men does not exist that men dress for comfort rather than style; that women dress men and buy clothes for men, nevertheless fashion for men is not taken seriously because t is not appropriately ‘masculine' to take a serious interest in it but they are well dressed for their occupation (Edwards, 1997).Fashion for women is a source of power that can be controlled by using fashion as a tool women shifted from nature to culture, focusing on beauty (Kumara, 2005). Fashion is not only stereotypically positively correlated with feminism but also somewhat true due to women constantly striving to achieve youth and beauty however fashion is where identities can be discovered, and fashion plays no role in the oppression of women or exclusion of men (Kumara, 2005). As Wilson explains: †¦ N ‘administrating the wearer's spectacular identity contemporary fashion refuses the dichotomy nature/culture.Fashion in our epoch administrates the body and thus divests itself of all essentialist. This must be good news for women since essentialist ideologies have been oppressive to them. Fashion often plays with, and playfully transgresses gender boundaries, inverting stereotypes and making us of the masque of femininity. (Wilson, 1994, up. 187) However for the younger generation of females (girls) and males (boys) the imp act of fashion is slightly different; for girls styles of dress are accessory for the accomplishment of social status, of irreconcilability, of a position in the world that saves one from being cast out (Pomeranian,2008).For both girls and boys being unfashionable or out dated can have a negative effect on individuals for they can become the target for bullies hence fashion in this sense is important it determines whether one is in the group or out the group (Pomeranian, 2008). However a particular fashion trend is not for everyone as in not everyone can ‘own it', in other words not everyone will suit every fashion trend, and therefore if he or she does not own' the look then others will end up labeling him or her as a try hard' and become out castes (Pomeranian, 2008).Overall fashion has drastically changed since the fifteenth century, from fashion being only available to aristocrats to fashion being mass produced for everyone that can afford it. An external cause for this ch ange would be when the French exposed the style of bohemianism and the internal cause is that not only nobles and aristocrats have access to the fashion but also those who are wealthy thus making fashion more accessible to the public, the French Revolution accelerated this process.This continued until fashion became entirely exposed to the public and every one now has the right to be fashionable, fashion is then mass produced due to the increase of demands. This then became a modern internal cause for fashion is that people wants to discover, identify and distinguish themselves yet feel like they belong therefore they imitate those they new or admire and try to become part of the ‘in group' to not feel out castes. Since fashion has become democratic there is now more competition for fashion nowadays. References Edwards T. 1997, Men in the mirror: men's fashion, masculinity and consumer society,

How much aggressive behaviour is shown on television? Essay

The average American child sees 32,000 murders, 40,000 attempted murders, and 25,000 acts of violence on television before the age of 18 (Ahmed, 1998). Gerbner’s studies of violence on American television (Gerbner, 1972; Gerbner & Gross, 1976; Gerbner et al. , 1980, 1986) Defining violence as: ‘†¦ the overt expression of physical force against others or self, or the compelling of an action against one’s will on pain of being hurt or killed’, Gerbner’s team have found that since 1967 the percentage of television shows containing violent episodes has remained about the same, but the number of violent episodes per show has gradually increased. In 1986, there was an average of around five violent acts per hour on prime-time television. On children’s weekend shows, mostly consisting of cartoons, about 20 violent acts per hour occurred. British research by Halloran & Croll (1972) and the BBC’s Audience Research Department were both based around Gerbner’s analysis. Both studies found that violence was a common feature of programming, although it was not as prevalent on British as on American television. Cumberbatch (1987), commissioned by the BBC, analysed all programmes broadcast on the (then) four terrestrial channels in four separate weeks between May and September 1986. The main findings from Cumberbatch’s (1987) study: Cumberbatch found that 30% of programmes contained some violence, the overall frequency being 1. 14 violent acts per programme and 1. 68 violent acts per hour. Each act lasted around 25 seconds, so violence occupied just over 1% of total television time. These figures were lower if boxing and wrestling were excluded, but higher (at 1. 96 violent acts per hour) if verbal threats were included. Death resulted from violent acts in 26% of cases, but in 61% of acts no injuries were shown, and the victim was portrayed as being in pain or stunned. In 83% of cases, no blood was shown as a result of a violent act, and considerable blood and gore occurred in only 0. 2% of cases. Perpetrators of violent acts were much more likely to be portrayed as ‘baddies’ than ‘goodies’, and violence occurred twice as frequently in law-breaking than in law-upholding contexts. Cumberbatch argued that whilst violence, and concerns about it, had increased in society in the decade up to 1987, this was not reflected by a proportional increase on television, even in news broadcasts. He concluded that: ‘While broadcasters may take some comfort from our data on trends in television violence, they must expect to be continually reminded of their responsibilities in this area and be obliged to acknowledge that a significant minority of people will remain concerned about what’s on the box’. More recently, the BBC and ITV commissioned Gunter & Harrison (1998) to look at the frequency of violence on terrestrial and satellite channels. Some findings from Gunter & Harrison’s (1998) analysis of violence on British television: The researchers monitored 2084 programmes on eight channels over four weeks in October 1994 and January/February 1995. The findings include: On BBC 1 and 2, ITV and Channel 4, 28% of programmes contained violent acts, compared with 52% on Sky One, UK Gold, SKY Movies and the Movie Channel.   Violence occupied 0. 61% of time on the terrestrial channels and 1. 53% on the satellite stations.   The greatest proportions of violent acts (70%) occurred in dramas and films; 19% occurred in children’s programmes. Most violent acts occurred in contemporary settings in inner-city locations. The majority of perpetrators were young, white males. One per cent of programmes contained 19% of all violent acts. Double Impact, shown on the Movie Channel, for example, contained 105 violent acts, as against on average 9. 7. The United States was the most common location for violence (47%), followed by the United Kingdom (12%). The third most likely location was a cartoon setting (7%), and then science fiction locations (4%). On the basis of the finding that violent acts account for 1% of programme content on terrestrial channels and less than 2% on some satellite stations, and the fact that 1% of programmes contained 19% of all violent acts, Gunter and Harrison concluded that: ‘The picture that emerges is not one of a television system permeated by violence, but rather one in which violence represents only a tiny part of the output and where it tends to be concentrated principally in a relatively small number of programmes’ (cited in Frean, 1995). An almost identical conclusion was reached by the American Academy of Paediatrics (Murray & Whitworth, 1999). As well as television, violent behaviour can also be seen at the cinema or on video (and what is shown may or may not be subsequently screened on television). Evidence indicates that a large percentage of 9-11 year olds have watched 18-rated videos, including particularly violent Nightmare on Elm Street, The silence of the lambs, and Pulp Fiction (Ball & Nuki, 1996; Wark & Ball, 1996). The effects of television on Children’s behaviour: Research into the effects of television on Children’s behaviour began in America in the 1960’s, following the publication of the results of Bandura et al’s ‘Bobo doll experiments’. These ‘first generation’ (or ‘Phase one’: Baron, 1977) studies involved filmed or symbolic) models. Essentially, Bandura et al. showed that children can acquire new aggressive responses not previously in their behavioural repertoire merely through exposure to a filmed or televised model. If children could learn new ways of harming others through such experiences, then the implication was that media portrayals of violence might be contributing to increased levels of violence in society (Baron, 1977). However, Bandura (1965) warned against such an interpretation in the light of his new findings that the learning of aggressive responses does not necessarily mean that they will be displayed in a child’s behaviour. Nevertheless, the possibility that such effects could occur was sufficient to focus considerable public attention on Bandura et al. ‘s research.

Book Analysis

David Mamet’s Bambi vs. Godzilla: On the Nature, Purpose, and Practice of the Movie Business is one of the latest books written by David Mamet. The book is about the sharp views that Mamet makes about the movie business and the inner doings of Hollywood. On 30th November 1947 Lenore June gave birth to a boy in Chicago who was named David Alan Mamet. Mamet’s mother Lenore June was a teacher and his father Bernard Morris who was an attorney. (Film Makers, Pp 1)Mamet is an American movie director, writer, novelist, dramatist, and a screenwriter.He is famous for his works which are well-known among people for their clever, short, and at times offensive dialogue and his mysterious styled phrasing sense. (Film Makers, Pp 1) Mamet has received a number of award nominations like he got nominated for Tony Award for Glengarry Glen Ross (1984) and Speed-the-Plow (1988). He was acknowledged with Oscar suggestion for Wag the Dog (1997) and The Verdict (1982) as a playwright. (Film M akers, Pp 1)Some of his recent books include The Old Religion written in1997, it is a novel about the execution of Leo Frank; Five Cities of Refuge: Weekly Reflections on Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy written in 2004, an explanation of the Torah, The Wicked Son written in 2006, contains a deep study of the Jewish self-hatred and anti-Semitism; and Bambi vs. Godzilla, a book having sour comments and is a collection of essays on the movie business. (Gabriel Steinfeld, Pp1) In this book Mamet gives us a revolutionary inside look at Hollywood from the point of view of a film-maker.The title brings together an impressive, arresting and a weird metaphor that is â€Å"Bambi vs. Godzilla,† which refers to an old underground small cartoon, with long and graceful subtitle which is expressed in more literary language that showed off his intelligence. The subtitle which is â€Å"On the Nature, Purpose, and Practice of the Movie Business† shows that this book is a collection of essays on different phases of film making which includes production, direction, behind-the-scene stories etc. The book consists of eight major sections and forty-odd short chapters.The eight major sections contains the titles such as â€Å"The Screenplay† ( this section provides the steps to effective skill writing), â€Å"Technique† , â€Å"Genre† and â€Å"Some Principles† are the sections that covers the areas of film criticism , â€Å"The Good People of Hollywood† (this section of the books covers dissimilar topics, that are mostly related to the power dynamics that take place behind the scenes of movies), â€Å"The Repressive Mechanism† (this section is somewhat freely linked by the subject of power and the relation of art to it), â€Å"Passing Judgment† ( this section covers the part of acting and criticism), â€Å"Crimes and Misdemeanors† (covers the portion of the cheats and the dishonesty that big na mes make in the Hollywood). (Gabriel Steinfeld, Pp1) He in details explains what happens at the studios, what happens during the shooting of a movie and various questions which arise in the mind of a common man.Mamet presents a clear-cut view of the deepest and the secret inner workings of the general movie industry and particularly concentrates on Hollywood in the book. Mamet provides entertaining, astonishing, and willingly gives the answers to questions about almost every portion of filmmaking, right from the concept to script and to the screen. (Gabriel Steinfeld, Pp1) Before Bambi vs. Godzilla Mamet wrote and directed a drama Spartan in 2004, which was very much mishandled by Warner Bros. they didn’t knew how to present this drama to audience so after a short period of time they dumped this drama. The way Spartan was handled and treated Mamet could be expected to reveal his anger and rage through this book he had for the studios and the film industry.Even though several of these pieces were written before the Spartan misfortune, Mamet showed his disapproval for the present structure and organization of conventional cinema and to show his disapproval he does not even waits for the main chapters to start he begins it from the introduction of the book. (Gabriel Steinfeld, Pp1) In the book Mamet covers a wide range of topics that range from â€Å"How Scripts Got So Bad† to the â€Å"Manners in Hollywood. † He takes us gradually through some of his personal favorite movie stunts and directorial tricks, and clearly in the film speaks aloud the fact that it is the craft and the crew that make great films not the actors and producers.He also tells the audience in the books that who are his preferred and much loved performers and what are his favorite films, according to him who he thinks is the most ideal actor that would bring elegance to the screen, and who he thinks should never have showed on screen. (Christopher Hirst, Pp1) Modern or Pos t-modern? Mamet was post-modern in his artistic perspective. He has used to portray art which is considered to be in disagreement to a number of features of modernization, or to have appeared or developed in its consequences. In common activities for instance inter-media, setting up art, theoretical art and multimedia, mainly connecting video are illustrated as postmodern.The qualities linked with the exploit of the expression postmodern in art incorporates bricolage, utilization of vocabulary significantly as the fundamental creative constituent, collage, generalization, misappropriation, representation of user or accepted civilization and presentation art. The book is written about the present situation of Hollywood. David Mamet speaks about the flaws of the film industry. His way of writing and his ideas clearly shows that he is a man of modern culture. He looks at the modern situation of the film industry and suggests ideas that could make drastic changes in the film industry of today and those would pertain in the future. The choice usually Mamet makes for his actors would be disapproved or ignored by the current film-makers but if they looked through Mamet’s point of view Hollywood would very soon start to produce well-crafted and outstanding movies of its time.(Christopher Hirst, Pp1) References Christopher Hirst ,Paperbacks: Bambi Vs Godzilla, by David Mamet, (2008) Retrieved 01-02-2009, from http://www. independent. co. uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/paperbacks-bambi-vs-godzilla-by-david-mamet-864393. html Gabriel Steinfeld , Book reviews: Bambi vs. Godzilla: On the Nature, Purpose and Practice of the Movie Business, by David Mamet,(2009) Retrieved 01-02-2009, http://www. helium. com/items/536905-book-reviews-bambi-vs-godzilla-nature-purpose-practice-movie-business-david Film Makers, David Mamet. Media Pro Tech Inc. (2006). Retrieved from: http://www. filmmakers. com/artists/mamet/biography/index. htm

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SENSORY PROCESSING Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Analysis Report on the Airline Industry The Strategic Management process - Essay Example Strategic options would be used to evaluate the growth and expansion of the industry to establish if the industry has a competitive edge or not and if it measures up with its competitions. . This report employs a methodological approach with huge implications for the reliability of findings while a whole lot of secondary data provides for all the analytical views and conclusions of this paper. The prime reason behind preparing the report is to gain insights into the development of airline industry internationally amidst economic and political turbulences. Airline industry is a growth factor for tourism industry and accounts for the lion’s share of the GDP of many nations (Page 2009:218). Delving deep into the airline sector could throw much light on how economies are developing and what solutions and means are available to them to handle increased competition, globalization and financial downturn. The findings of the report have presented us with favourable results that could motivate the airline carriers and could pave the way for future practices to be developed in airline industry. This paper seeks to present a very clear view in enabling the reader to have a better understanding of the global airline industry’s environmental business climate. In doing this various firms and regional markets that make up the industry are looked into, by examining the competition between the airline operators (service providers), consumers, regulatory implications, weakness of different sectors and regions involved, homogenous threats, the negative and positive trends coming up in the industry and a forecast for the future, if there would be growth or reduction. Importantly, it views the challenges a new provider (entrant) could face within the present industry condition. The industry at the moment is passing through a period of change caused by revolutionary restructuring in the industry, this occurs

Socio-economic Effects of Reducing National Debt of the United States Research Paper

Socio-economic Effects of Reducing National Debt of the United States - Research Paper Example Application of microeconomic theory especially the demand supply mechanisms will be applied to show the effects on price as well as quantities. 3. Processes of deficit reduction There has been different proposals being put forwarded by policy makers and the political parties towards debt reduction mechanism. The Republicans have claimed that a smaller government is required towards deriving a balanced budget (Erickson, 2012). Although it can be stated to be having some significance but the policy is rather far from being a panacea. The reason for this is that the Republicans have targeted towards too small of programs. When there was backing of legislation by the Republicans in curbing expenditure on the food stamp, there was only trimming of around $ 16 billion out of $ 80 billion food stamp budget. It has been stated that the proposals made by the Republicans do not possess the ability towards solving the woes of the nation’s fiscal conditions. There has been necessity of bi gger reforms. The proposals as granted by Democratic parties in for tax hikes can be also stated to be far from panacea as well. It can be stated while the increase in taxes can neutralize the difficulties in budget but they are far from being actually neutralizing the problem all by them. On the surface it can be stated that the hike in taxes might be a good idea towards raising revenue simultaneously with the minimization of the income inequality gap. On further scrutiny it can be stated that the plan has also certain problems. The first problem is associated with the required breadth of the tax hikes. In the current situation the Federal taxes are around 18% of the GDP of the United States of America. For the purpose of balancing the...The paper highlights the process of lowering the national debt which affects the everyday hardworking American citizens in almost every aspect of their lives. There is a requirement of Federal law which directs that the Congress in United States of America possess the power of borrowing any amount of money which is required to pay for the programs which has been passed by the Congress of the country 75). There has been power given by the constitution towards controlling the expenditure as well as borrowing. The limit of debt or the ceiling in debt introduced in the World War I was targeted towards giving the Treasury towards provision of flexibility. In 2011, the ceiling of debt has become the central ground for the conflict of budget among the Republicans who took control of the House in the elections of the year 2010. American President as well as Democrats refused in raising the limits without a deficit reduction package. There was an impasse which was resolved a with a plan of broadening the spending cuts if there would be no working of the deal that could be worked out for a large scale reduction. There was so called sequestration cuts which was scheduled towards taking effect on January, 2013 but has been pushed back until the month of March, 2013 with the bill being passed on the Day of New Year for heading off the fiscal cliffs of the cuts as well as tax hikes. There is a graphical explanation of the possible tax hike in the paper, that shows the adverse effects on the wage of the employees in the economy.

Testing to Improve Educational Improvements Research Paper

Testing to Improve Educational Improvements - Research Paper Example This project stresses that an educational standard is a means of improving school quality, by educating the need of effectiveness, and student data. By mandating the importance of educational values in public schools, these include states; policy makers’ not forgetting elected officials have the ability to increase the chance that students will obtain a minimum or set body of skills and information throughout their public-school education. Educational standardized achievement tests to determine learning quality as measuring high temperature with a tablespoon. Standardized success tests have a special measurement undertaking other than showing how good a school educational system is. Standardized tests should, therefore, be used to regulate the relative interpretations they were proposed to provide. Therefore, they should not be used to judge the quality of education. By looking at the significant reasons considered to be invalid in order to base inferences about the quality of education on standardized achievement test. This paper makes a conclusion that assessment aids in enhancing education and at the same time helps in recognizing how students use their knowledge in understanding and discovering. It also includes helping in developing and integrating new information by understanding the skills gained. It aids teachers and scholars to be acquainted with current understanding for future education. Thus educational standards are important in the assessment of the education process.

The American Dream in the 1960's Research Paper

The American Dream in the 1960's - Research Paper Example The impression of the American Dream stays rooted in the U.S. Pronouncement of Independence that declares all men got created equal and endowed by their maker with certain, absolute rights including Liberty, Life and the pursuit of Joy (Ward 13). To bury the entire American Dream with the 60’s would be a lot, but a substantial share of it certainly appears to have gotten lost with the bright new leaders assassinations, the violent suffocation of political scandals, protest movements, and the long strained out Vietnam war. As it became apparent that the movement had eventually failed in its efforts to make a change, the American Dream absconded a little further from the people who fought to implement it (Cullen 6). This paper aims at producing an understanding of the relocation of the American Dream and played a significant in establishing a new way of life to avoid the fear of the previous generation’s traditions. Since its establishment in 1776, the US has regarded and endorsed itself as an empire of prosperity and liberty. The implication of "American Dream" has transformed over the progress of history. Historically, this Dream originated from the New World mystique especially concerning the accessibility for farm ownership low - cost land. As the Virginia Royal governor noted in 1774 that the Americans for ever envisage the Lands further off remain still better than those which stay already settled. He further added that if they achieved Paradise, they would go on if they perceived of an improved place farther west (Hochschild 34). Today, the ethos simply indicates the aptitude through participation in the economy and society, for everyone to achieve success. According to this dream, all included the opportunity for the individual’s children to grow up receiving a suitable education and career deprived of artificial barriers. It is the occasion to make individual choices with the void of the prior restrictions that restricted people acco rding to their caste, religion, race, or ethnicity and class. Immigrants to the US sponsored ethnic papers in their language; the editors normally promoted the American Dream (Olson 34). The politics in 1960s reflects revolution in the Martin Luther King Jr. life. He changed lives of blacks for countless years to come. Martin Luther Jr. did this once he began to advocate for blacks from 1955 to 1968. His efforts ended in 1968 since he got assassinated while he led a demonstration in Tennessee. Even though, he got assassinated, his dream lives on nowadays. Martin Luther Jr. influenced the 1960s in many perspectives. He fought sturdily against racism and protested several times against it. He remains one of the leading reasons why the US remains the way it stands today (Olson 112). Another changing politics element in the 1960s stood the John F. Kennedy presidential term. He remained one of the four American presidents who got successfully assassinated. The John F. Kennedy assassinati on eventually led to the establishment of a police force which protected the president. However, before his death, he got involved in three key events in US history; the construction of the Berlin Wall, American Civil Rights Movement, the Cuban Missile Crisis. The presidential term of John F. Kennedy has changed America and prepared it the way it stands today (Olson 113). A third constituent of change in 1960s politics remained in the war at Vietnam. It stood a time for change because of several motives. One of the many motives stood because of the draft;

Negative Effects of Genetically modified food Essay Example for Free

Negative Effects of Genetically modified food Essay Since the beginning of life, nourishment is the first requirement for all kind of alive. According to Chassy (2007), early humans lived a hunter gatherer lifestyle and that around 10000 years ago they started to transition into an agricultural lifestyle. Also they feed animals to their milk, meat and eggs. Later, some people interested in agriculture in order to survive and earn money. In today’s world, technological developments and medical improvements resulted in higher life standards and world population become more and more crowded. Lots of farmers and food companies emerged in order to meet the needs of this growing population. Organic foods started to be insufficient for human beings because of the increasing population. As a result of this insufficiency, people seek different kind of foods with the help of technological developments and they created genetically modified foods (GM foods). Genetically modified crops first appeared commercially in the mid-1990s and today GM crops are grown commercially by 8. 25 million farmers on 200 million acres spread throughout 17 countries (Schmidt, 2005). Genetically modified foods or biotech foods can be described simply as foods derived from genetically modified organisms. These crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. In his essay â€Å"Genetically Modified Foods: An Insight† Raaz Maheshwari (2012) explains that â€Å"Genetically modified foods are derived from genetically modified organisms. Genetically modified organisms have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by genetic engineering, using a process of either Cisgenesis or Transgenesis. These techniques are much more precise than Mutagenesis (mutation breeding) where an organism is exposed to radiation or chemicals to create a non-specific but stable change. † At the beginning, these crops have a bright and promising future. However, safety of genetically modified foods was started to questioned and become a central issue driving the genetic engineering controversy today (Carman, 2004). Although some scientists claims that food derived from GM crops on the market does not have greater risk to human health than organic foods, there is a idespread research on several negative effects of GM foods , including safety issues, economic concerns and environmental hazards. Recently, concerns about GM foods have raised by all environmental activists, religious organizations, public interest groups, professional associations, other scientists and government officials. Also, they criticized potential hazards of GM food (Whitman, 2000). Specifically, this study posed the r esearch question: What are the general negative effects of genetically modified foods on earth’s ecology and human health. As I mentioned earlier, humanity always requiring all kind of food. Although they meet their requires from hunting very beginning, agriculture is the main food resources when the first crop harvested. However food resources doesn’t enough for humanity because of huge crowds, because of th? s reason people find a new form of food which named genetically modified foods or biotech foods. These foods derived from genetically modified organisms. Since mid-1900s genetically modified foods using our daily meal and from these time these foods always negotiated. There is no exact consequences of these negotiations. However, there are lots of negative effects of genetically modified foods on earth’s ecology and human health such as; allergetic diseases, poisoning both human and animals and killing beneficial insects. To begin with, lots of result of researches show us genetically modified foods are dangerous for natural life. According to Batalian(N. D. ) studies about GM products shown that these products can kill beneficial insects which most notably the monarch butterfly larvae. He also said there are other studies related to the death of bees which are died during a contained trial with Monsanto’s Bt cotton, springtails and ladybird beetles. He said his same essay other studies about GM potatoes, spliced with DNA from the snowdrop plant and a viral parameter, show us these potatoes was poisonous to rats. Between the many insect pollinators of agricultural crops, honey bees are the best known (O’Callaghan, 2005). According to O’Callaghan, cotton nectar is really attractive to them and produces useful honey, but if these cottons are genetically modified from engineers it can be harmful for bees why these cottons not natural and it includes different types of proteins and concentrations. Another effect of GM foods on natural life about gene transfer to non-target species. Deborah B. Whitman said his article â€Å"Another concern is that crop plants engineered for herbicide tolerance and weeds will cross-breed, resulting in the transfer of the herbicide resistance genes from the crops into the weeds. These ‘superweeds’ would then be herbicide tolerant as well. Other introduced genes may cross over into non-modified crops planted next to GM crops. † Genetically modified foods effects the natural life where the people plant them. For example GM trees or ‘super-trees’ are being developed which can be sprayed from the air to kill literally all of surrounding life, except the GM trees (Batalian,N. D. ). He also said these trees are often sterile and flowerless which is in contrast to rainforest teaming with life, or where a single tree can host thousands of unique species of insects, fungi, mammals and birds in an interconnected ecosphere. There are also terminator trees which has developed plants with the New Zealand Forest Research Agency to create still more lethal tree plantations. These super deadly trees are look like super-trees, however these kind leaves exuding toxic chemicals to kill caterpillars and other surrounding insects(Batalian,N. D. ) Like the other effects of GM foods it also causes increasing numbers of resistant pests. According to Mellon (N. D. ), â€Å"There are signs that the most popular HT crops-those resistant to the herbicide glyphosate-will lose effectiveness as weeds become resistant to the herbicide. Scientists expect that BT crops, too, will succump to pests that evolve resistance to the BT toxins. Secondly, consumption of genetically modified foods from humans effects their health negatively. First effect of GM foods on human health is allergenicity. According to Bakshi (N. D. ), food allergy is a very important health issue with the prevalence of immunoglobulin E antibody-mediated food allergies among adults being approximately 2% and nearly 5% in children. Bakshi also said consumption of genetically modified foods may trigger all ergic reaction. For example Bakshi said kiwi fruit not associated with any allergies in the 1960s. However , there are some people who are currently allergic to it; the allergenic protein in the kiwi fruit was identified to be actinidin. Bakshi also said â€Å"Genetically modified foods can introduce novel proteins into the food supply from organisms that are never consumed as foods. Some of those proteins could be allergenic. † Second effects of GM foods on human health is antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of an organism to be unaffected by the antibiotic, occurs naturally by evolution. According to Bakshi(N. D. , genetic engineering usually involves the use of genes for antibiotic resistance as ‘selectable markers. ’ These markers help to choose cells that consolidated foreign genes. There are concerns that these chosen genes might recombine with pathogenic bacteria in the environment or with naturally occurring bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals who consume genetically modified food, contributing to the growing public health risk associated with antibiotic resistance for infections that cannot be treated with traditional antibiotics. It must be true negative effects of GM foods because lots of European countries including Britain have refused to allow the Novartis Bt corn to be grown because the ampicillin resistance gene might be transferred from Bt corn to bacteria which these bacterias making a far less effective antibiotic against bacterial infections (Bakshi,N. D. ). Similarly Bakshi , enhs. umn. edu, said â€Å" In recent years health professionals have become alarmed by the increasing number of bacterial strains that are showing resistance to antibiotics. Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics by creating antibiotic resistance genes through natural mutation. Third effect of GM foods on human health is cancer and degenerative diseases. According to article of Batalian (N. D. ) , lots of researches show us GM foods or hormones which is used for increased milk production in cow causes breast and prostate cancer. Also he said some of Canadian researches prove that GM organism which injected rats mammals l ike humans, this organism damaged thyroid cysts and internal organ. Besides , consuming GM foods causes autoimmune diseases, inflammation, arthritis and lymphoma(Batalian,N. D. ) Lastly, gene transfer from GM foods to body cells can cause disease. According to WHO(N. D. ), â€Å"Gene transfer from GM foods to cells of the body or to bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract would cause concern if the transferred genetic material adversely affects human health. This would be particularly relevant if antibiotic resistance genes, used in creating GMOs, were to be transferred. † In the light of all above mentioned studies, it could be said that scientist have not discovered the true researches consequences about genetically modified foods. They growth a non-natural nutrition, however they do not know their effects on human body and environment. It can be cause lots of bad diseases on human body and harm environment. Because it is dangerous for all kind of alive and natural systems, GM foods production processes should be controlled by new ministry and GM foods may be tested before selling in markets. Those who are support GM foods said these foods have benefits on future hunger and they also support we all need these foods in future. According to Feuilherade (2011),humanity needs 40% more foods by the middle of the century and GM foods is the only solution of this big problem. He also add these foods are healthy for human body because if we change the DNAs of foods, lots of vitamins and drugs may added inside the foods. However, www. webmd. com(N. D. ), mentioned these foods are not natural and has no guarantees, also has some important risks, such as; introducing allergens and toxins to food, accidental contamination between genetically modified and non-genetically modified foods, antibiotic resistance and adversely changing the nutrient content of a crop. Scientists and governments always discuss this topic, however there is no exact result about harms or benefits of GM foods. Nobody do not know consequences of GM foods. Maybe after 50 years it will cause lots of diseases even will kill millions of people. There should be more and more researches about these foods and scientist and governments should give more importance, also all government which country interest growing GM foods, they should open new ministry and specific research center of GM foods before sell these product to innocence people. In conclusion, about GM foods, there are lots of researches and its effects on health and environment are not obvious. The scientist will move to improve these foods and sell them billions of people worldwide. With the support of governments and big bosses, poor and ignorant people buy these uncertain foods. Finally, I personally believe that GM foods will cause lots of die forth coming years, because of these reason these procedure should limited and controlled strictly by the government before selling. Also natural agriculture should be supported and use of organic food promoted.

How Firms Become Multinational Enterprises

How Firms Become Multinational Enterprises A multinational enterprise according to Brooke and Remmers is a company that is present in more than one country, the home country and the host country and provides valuable activities in a service or manufacturing area (Dunning, 1993, p.3). Though Maurice Bye 1958 began to see and recognize multinational enterprises by the definition Multi-territorial firm indicating that a MNE was purely given the name by the amount of countries a company occupied(Maurice Bye 1958). Academics see the multinationals in great depth and definitions are slightly different, J.Dunning defines a Multinational enterprise as an enterprise that engages in foreign direct investment (FDI) and owns or controls value adding activities in more than one country (J.Dunning 1992). MNEs therefore, control a package of resources, which they move across national borders, and continue to control over those borders. This transfer is often conceived solely in financial terms, but in practical terms the role of MNEs in tra nsferring capital between countries is one of their less important functions. The critical resources, which multinationals transfer across borders, are the areas of technology and organisation, entrepreneurship and culture. MNEs are imperative because they have the capacity to move technologies and ideas around the world. This gives the firms the potential to serve as engines of growth. This essay will explain why and how firms become multinational enterprise. The subsistence of MNEs might seem apparent, in the sense that firms in the capitalist system exist to make profits, and investing in foreign countries could be seen as a coherent way of making more wealth than staying in one country. In spite of that not all firms in the world are multinational. In addition to this, according to Jack Behrman there are four main types of Multinational corporations motives (Jack Behrman 1972). The first motive, the resource seekers the enterprises, to obtain particular and specific resources at lower real cost that cannot be obtained in their home country aim to invest abroad. One kind of these is the physical resources like, raw materials, minerals, agricultural product and location advantage, which generally involves substantial capital expenditure. Another kind of resources is semi-skilled and unskilled labour that is available at lower costs, in countries developing in advanced industrialization like, Mexico, Taiwan, China and like Primark outsour cing from India. One more motive why firms seeking FDI in resources is to obtain technological skill, management and organizational skills already accessed there. The second motive the market seekers enterprises, aim to prolong or protect existing market or to promote in new markets. Thereby, there are four main reasons firstly, to cope-up with the suppliers and customers who have set up foreign producing facilities. Secondly, to hunt the market, the product needs to be modifying according to the local customers preferences. Thirdly, sometimes it is a lot cheaper to produce in the host country than to export from home country. This is becoming more necessary if there are trade barriers and restrictive government laws. Furthermore, the last reason for market seeking investment is that enterprise wants to have physical presence in the foremost markets served by its competitors. Therefore, companies like Nestle, Bayer and Ford expanded internationally in search of new markets. The third motive the efficiency seekers enterprises want to obtain from the common governance of geographically scattered activities and to have benefit of economies of s cale and of risk diversification. Therefore, enterprises wants to compete on the basis of the product it offers and its ability to diversify its assets and capabilities by exploiting the benefits of producing in several countries. The fourth motive the strategic asset seeker enterprises to sustain their international competitiveness acquire the assets of foreign corporations. Like one company might acquire a business so as to thwart competitor from doing so or another might merge with its foreign rivals or one might acquire suppliers to corner the market for raw materials. Enterprises seeking strategic FDI are trying to protect or advance their long-term competitive position. Apart from these four motives other motives like escape investments, support investments, passive investments also play a big role why firms want to go international (Dunning 1992). Therefore, these motives were and will be the main driving force behind the expansion of MNCs. The ways in which these motives have mainly pushed firms from United States to become MNCs are based on product cycle theory developed by Professor Raymond Vernon. This theory suggests that the starting point for the internationalization process is typically an innovation that a company creates in its home country (Raymond Vernon 1966, p.190-207). Then after the product is launched it is gaining success in its domestic market and finally the product becomes highly standardized and company has gained recognition thereby, the competitors enter the same business. Market now focuses on price so the company has to move its production to low-wage developing countries so as to be above the competition and later has to develop market share in other countries, which they have lost in home country. For example Nokia started as domestic company in Finland but its success at home country led its produc tion and sale to foreign markets. This way firms should analyse their role of management, motives of the organisation and their success at home country and should think of entering foreign market but question here arises how will firms do that. This can be explained on the basis of theories of Internationalisation. The Eclectic paradigm sets out to explain the extent, form and pattern of international production and is founded on the juxtaposition of the ownership- specific advantages of firms contemplating foreign production, the propensity to internalize the cross-border markets for these, and the attractions of a foreign market for the production (Dunning, 1988). The eclectic paradigm, with its emphasis on TCA, i.e. Transaction cost analysis tells how firms and especially MNCs evaluate whether or not to establish a manufacturing subsidiary in a market abroad (Erramilli and Rao, 1993). This information is cost-based, requiring the costs of running a system to be calculated so that the firms can make any evaluation. Thereafter, industrial network approach (Johanson and Mattsson, 1986) and the business strategy approach (Welford and Prescott, 1994) present detailed models incorporating a number of factors which impact upon market entry and the selection of a market entry method. By doing so, it seems clear that information on these factors is a pre-requisite of a firms decision. However the Uppsala model is unique in seeing information about a market, specifically that based on experiential knowledge, as the crucial indicator of market entry and, particularly, market entry mode selection. (Jan Johanson et al. 1977) So, the firms should make an initial commitment of resources to the foreign market, and through this investment it gains local market knowledge. On the basis of this, the company will be able to evaluate its current activities and opportunities for additional investment. Thereby, companies should accumulate their time of entry on the basis of its level of commitment in the foreign market and level of control over foreign activities. This all depends on the nature, form of the firm whether the firm is going to only sell its product or the firm is producing and selling goods and services. At the first stage this can be done by the indirect exporting, licensing/ franchising and then at second stage by direct exporting, direct sales operations in host country, joint ventures and FDI. Firms can potentially enter into international business at any of these stages and decide to prolong at that stage but can go to other stage and choose another option in starting or later period of business. Like, some companies internationalize gradually by moving up the scale from exporting through joint venturing to direct foreign investment. With exceeding industrial period of globalisation firms have shown mounting interest in going abroad because of the increasing need to go international, pressure to procure cheapest inputs, efficiency seeking, the opening up of new markets, considerable changes in location costs and benefits and a strive to strike a balance between globalisation and localisation. Therefore, firms should choose appropriate business options to enter and service the host market on the basis of above discussed Multinational corporations motives and then decide which stages firm will go ahead so that firms corporate objectives are achieved efficiently and effectively. Then domestic firms can face challenge as cross border mergers and acquisitions, MNCs have been constantly increasing and MNCs account for over 40 percent of the worlds manufacturing output and almost a quarter of world trade. So firms should analyse their business prospective on the basis of above discussed Uppsala model, eclectic theory an d other theories and then go ahead. However, international business has taken a quantum leap and is now considered strategically important both by firms and governments. How Firms Become Multinational Enterprises How Firms Become Multinational Enterprises INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ASSIGNMENT II Introduction A significant shift is taking place in the world economy today; previously each nation had different and relatively isolated economies from each other by different barriers to cross border trade. But now we are drastically moving towards an independent global economic system in which different national economies are blending together which is referred as globalization. Independent global economic system has brought effective involvement of numerous firms from various countries in the international market; the shift towards globalization has been accelerating currently, and it looks set to carry forward. Multinational Enterprise An enterprise that operates and has its assets and facilities in more than one country excluding its home country is called as multinational enterprise, such firms has have offices, factories, outlets and etc., in different countries and usually have centralised head office where they co-ordinate global management. The swiftly developing global economy creates many factors and opportunities for business worldwide. It creates opportunities for business to expand their resources, profit and market, this make many firms to become globalized for example Wal-mart , Coca-Cola, Exxon Mobil, Levi Strauss, and Royal Dutch Shell are some of the most successful multinational enterprise in the world. But still many significant differences exist between national markets along many relevant factors which need to be overcome to be successful globally. Why Firms become Multinational Enterprise? As an enterprise operating in an International Business environment provides many new openings to a firm than operating in a domestic environment. A worldwide operation provides an enterprise access to new markets, resources and many other benefits, mainly it also widens the options of strategic moves of the firm against its rivals. Lets discuss the reasons for the firms becoming a Multinational corporation elaborately. The Eclectic Paradigm An effective approach to the study of the internationalization of business was offered by John H. Dunning. The Eclectic paradigm was a dominant framework for explaining the reason for the existence of Multinational enterprises and the determinants of foreign direct investment. Dunning stated three factors to the eclectic paradigm: i. Ownership-specific advantages The enterprise which invests in a foreign country has a competitive advantage and out-competes the firms that operate in the country where the investment is done. The multinational enterprise has advantages of Intangible assets like trade name, brand, and patents. The firm has benefits of reputation, technology and skills of management. ii. Location-specific advantages This advantage is based on the geographical position of the firm; according to this many positive factors like resources, cheap labour, host countrys regulations and political stability are available for the multinational enterprises. iii. Internationalization-specific advantages When a firm enlarge its operations in another country, by acquiring the property of the assets that are abroad its get this internationalization benefit. The firm gets a new market, reduces the production cost and can keep its skills and capabilities internal to the firm. The Product life cycle theory The product life cycle theory was framed by Raymond Vernon, this illustrate that in the beginning stage of the product life cycle the production and the rest of the operations of the product takes place in the home country. First the product will be serving the local market and then world market, when the product gains reputation the production gets relocated abroad to gain from lower labour cost and the other benefits available in host nation. At a point of time the country which invented the product becomes an importer of that product. The best example for this is the invention and production of personal computers by IBM. This is also an essential cause for firms to become a multinational enterprise. The Internationalization theory The market imperfections approach to Foergin direct Investment is typically referred to as internalization theory. The Internationalization theory was developed by Buckley and Casson. This theory states the main reasons for which the firms become a multinational enterprise due to market imperfection. Due to market imperfections, the monopolistic advantage of the firm can be used to widen worldwide to again competitive advantage. A firm overcomes market imperfections by creating its own market by the means of internalisation through this the firms become a multinational enterprises. Resource seeking The firms develop into a multinational enterprise to seek and secure natural resources like raw materials, minerals and human resource. This helps the firms to reduce the labor cost and production cost. Market seeking The multinational enterprises emerge to identify and exploit new markets for their products. This approach is followed by the firms to overcome trade barrier and to reduce high transport cost. Efficiency seeking The firms try to enlarge globally to obtain the efficiency benefits they obtain from the host country like cheap labour force, for example multinational enterprise obtain low cost but labour intensive manufacturing in many Asian countries. Capabilities seeking The firms follow strategic operations by buying existing firms or assets abroad, this is an approach by the firm to seek adequacy in order to sustain and advance its competitive position globally.These are the major reasons for a firm to become a multinational enterprise. How firms become multinational enterprise? Once a firm take on Foregin Direct Investment(FDI) it become a multinational enterprise, a multinational enterprises have substantial direct investment in foreign countries. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) refers to the long term participation like management, partnership, technology transfer and etc., between a foreign country and a host country. FDI has become a vital accept of global economy, many nations liberalized the regulations for FDI and numerous host economies has have reduced trade barriers for foreign nations to do business in their nation. When a firm decides to enter foreign market and expand to become a multinational enterprise then mainly there are six different modes to enter. Joint venture Establishing a joint venture with a foreign firm has been a feasible mode of enter to the world market. Setting up a firm that is jointly owned and operated by two or more firms is called as joint venture. A firm can gain advantage from a local partners knowledge of the host countrys competitive conditions, culture and political system. Through this joint venture a firm can gain by sharing development cost and high risk of entering a foreign market with the local partner. Wholly Owned Subsidiaries When firm owns 100 percent of the stock then it is termed as wholly owned subsidiary. If a firm wants to compete based on its technology then this will be the most preferred entry mode. Many high-tech firms prefer this mode of entry for overseas expansion. Establishing a wholly owned subsidiary in a foreign market can be done by setting up a new operation in that country or by acquiring an established firm and using that firm to operate. Licensing Licensing is very attractive approach for the firms which lack capital to develop overseas operation. Licensing is an arrangement by a firm to grant the rights to intangible property to another entity for a period of time and in return a fee is charged by the licensor. The advantage of licensing is that the firm does not need to bear the set up cost and risk involved in opening a foreign market. Franchising Franchising is basically a specialized form of licensing in which franchiser sells the intangible property and provide business assistance to the franchisee. The best example for a firm using franchising strategy is McDonalds.   By using this a firm can build up a global operation quickly at a low cost and risk.  Ã‚   Exporting Most of the firms begin their internationalization as an exporter. Exporting reduces the costs of establishing manufacturing operation in the host country. By manufacturing the product in a centralised location and exporting it to world market; the firm may get the picture of substantial scale economies from its global sales volume. Turnkey Projects This is a means of exporting process technology to foreign countries. Under turnkey project, for a foreign client the contractor designs, construct the whole manufacturing unit and also train the operating personnel. After completing the contract, the contractor hands over the key to a plant that is ready for full operation hence this approach is called turnkey. Turnkey projects are common in chemical, petroleum refining and metal refining industries, all of which require costly, complex production techniques. Conclusion Abstaining national trade barriers and advancement in communication, information, and transportation technologies are the main factors which influence the trend towards internationalization. These changes have enabled firms to operate worldwide and emerged different nations market into a single global market. The advantages of the growing global economy should be utilised for the welfare of the people all over the world. BIBLIOGRAPHY Buckley, P.J. and Ghauri, P. 1993. A Theory of International operations: The Internationalization of the firm-A Reader, pp 45-50. Elkahal, S. 1994. The Internationalization of trade: Introduction to International Business, pp. 65-70. Hill, C.W.L. 2000. Entry strategy and strategic alliance: International business-competing in the Global Marketplace, pp. 426-448.

How can music be an influence?

How can music be an influence? Entertainment can be categorised into few different ways such as dancing, vacation, and watching movie. Nowadays, most of the people have been focus more on listening to musics. Music is one of the entertainments that commonly focus by young people such as teenagers. Besides that, music has bring a lot of advantages for the teenagers to try to communicate with one and other and to be more update in the world of teenagers. In the other hand, music also is the one of the tools that can try to express people from their stress. Under music, it has combined different types of culture into one society. It has been combined together in one of the most popular and advances towards creating a better society. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organised compositions, through improvisational music to be forms be divided into genres and subgenres. Although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle but sometimes it was open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. Music also brings a lot of fun, joy and other benefits towards human mankind. It has been created a wonderful memory for each of every one to enjoy it and it also is one of the tools to produce a future star and artist to let people notice. Besides that, music is the one of the tools to get more networks for social activities. This will helps people to build their popularity in the society. Through all kinds of music, it could bring all kind of people in a one big family. One of the ways to develop a person characteristic is through all kinds of music; it can help people to develop what kind of the person they are. Hence, it could help to make a great person through listen to the music. There are several types of musics that make people feels peaceful such as pop, hip-hop, jazz, country, classical, rock and also RB music. 2.0 Types of music that influence people 2.1 Jazz Jazz is a type of music that begins in 20th century. Jazz music is started with some African American community in the southern of United State and most of it was confluence of European and African music tradition. Jazz music origin from Ragtime and it culture is origin in early 1910s New Orleans. Jazz is kinds of music that can be define as a combination between European tradition music with African tradition music. The words jazz began as a west coast slang was first used to refer as music in Chicago around 1915. From the beginning Jazz is Jass but slowly it transfer to Jazz. In Jazz they have few ways to perform, some of them are used to be performing individual, never playing composition and never play exactly the same way twice. 2.1.1 Peaceful Nowadays, jazz music brings a lot of benefits to us. One of the most effective ways that jazz music had brought to us is that, when we listen to jazz music we will feels more peaceful in our mind. According to scientist say that when a person is listening to Jazz music it has brought up some brain emotion and make it feel relax and will go by the rhythm on it. It will keep a certain amount of peaceful moment and it could help a person to remain a better conscious on what he is doing on. By putting jazz music on in daily life could help a person to improve in their behaviour, jazz music can avoid bad behaviour that leads to bad destruction. This could help a person to develop creativity, artistry, humanity, individually, intelligence, and also will have a better chance to deal with an issue at hand more easily and more positive ways. Jazz music also can lead a person to go towards a positive ways in a peaceful manner on dealing with a person. 2.1.2 Release painful emotion Through Jazz music it could help a person to release painful emotion. By listening to jazz music, it has a great impact of mind, body and spirit to bring a healthful charge on our painful emotion. According to doctors, using jazz music for music treatment could treat a patient to stay and healthy and even faster to recovery from their painful emotion. Listen to jazz music can also help a person to release their anger and also boost their happy feeling to the maximum. The mind will start to stimulate and through jazz music could also obtain the high mental alertness on the part that will help people think of the goods and forget the bad part. In the middle of time, it could help people mind to active the brain on, and enhances the best is to make a person to feel more relaxing. Through jazz music can help a person to reduce pain sensation and also distress of both chronic pain and postoperative pain. Jazz music also promotes relaxation of tense muscle, and enabling a person can easily release some of the tension that carries on the day. Jazz Music, especially upbeat tunes, can take people mind off all stresses, and help people feels more optimistic and positive. This helps release stress and can even help people keep from getting as stressed over lifes little frustrations in the future. Researchers discovered that music can decrease the amount of the cortical, a stress-related hormone produced by the body in response to stress. Hence, jazz music can brings peaceful when a person hear it and it will also help to maintain the comfort of the day that made a person to be alert on what he or she is doing. Besides that, through jazz music also helps people to release painful emotion and it could help a heart hurting person to feel more relax on the pain. 2.2 Country Country music is one of the most popular music genres that all American had notice. It is a blend traditional and popular musical that origin from Canada and southern United State. Country music has produced two of the top selling solo artists of all time. The term country music gained popularity in the 1940s when the earlier term hillbilly music came to be seen as denigrating. Country music was widely embraced in the 1970s, while country and Western has declined in use since that time, except in the United Kingdom and Ireland, where it is still commonly used. 2.2.1 Fairly wholesome Listen to country music could more fairly wholesome then other, why is that so? According to the specialist that through country music, it could help a person to bring back a wonderful story. Through country music, it could help to explain a very interesting story. In other words, they are not songs that would not want to bring children to hear or would feel embarrassed playing in front of their parents. So, through country music could help some of the children to presented out by singing some country music on the song that have play to display out what are the fairly wholesome story they have believe in. In the other hands, it could help to keep some of the interesting history in the past and passed it to the next generation. Thus, they will understand what the histories are on the past and keep it on the good wants and be reminding that their do not make the same mistake again and again. 2.2.2 Connection to culture Country music historians typically stress of the musics close connection to the culture of the rural and working class white south while acknowledging the importance of New York record companies and other commercial structures, they are happiest. Besides that, country music helps people to bring out the culture of American. It help others to understand how the style of living and also to present the ethnic of that culture. Modelling behaviours and understandings that have helped in the refashioning of southern white culture and identities, and there is another parallel. A Diasporas story lurks deep in the heart of country music. It could help to strengthen the culture and also to help to promote the culture to others through country music. Therefore, country music can help a culture to build their image on fairly wholesome things and it also can connect to the other culture in this world through this country music. 2.3 Hip-Hop As the world move on to a modern time, hip hop music has become the most important music that has been focus on by the teenagers nowadays. Hip hop music is origin from hip hop culture and it has been missed up with four key element which is rapping, scratching, sampling, and beat boxing. The root of hip hop culture is also from African American music and ultimately African music. Some hip hop music influence by the disco, others hip-hop music influence by many other different such as new school hip-hop and also some rapping material are included. 2.3.1 Innovation In the lately 2000s, hip hop music has secure in the mainstream of music line. People have given a name for hip-hop music as Golden Age Hip-Hop. This innovation motive the hip-hop music lover to be more advance in the. That time is a time when it seemed that every new single reinvented the genre. Referring to the golden age of hip-hop music, there were so many important, ground breaking album has been brought up right about that time. Many artist has been found out on that period of time where hip-hop music has bring a great success towards bringing more talented artist on during the hip-hop music. While innovation in hip-hop music is been a great motivation for every hip-hop singer that it could made a great improvement on their song and also teenagers recently has using the hip-hop music to do their dance on the hip-hop culture. 2.3.2 Express teenagers in a proper manner Nowadays, hip-hop music brings different culture, beliefs, races, ethnicities all together such as young and medium age stay together to express teenagers in self-determinant manners and also collectively. Besides that, through hip-hop music and culture has not just influenced the Americans but also influenced the whole world to come together as a one big hip-hop music. By listening to hip-hop music, it will help people to develop a good personality and also help people to deal with one and other. Thus, this will help a person to build a good perspective and get along with others and eventually will build up more networks so that it will help people to build their popularity. Furthermore, listen to hip-hop music will easily to express teenagers in a proper manner and will not be shy to present in front of public and also can building up confident. Thus, hip-hop music has been brings benefits to people also such as the innovation motive and express teenagers in a proper manner when in front of people. 2.4 Classical Classical music in European was begun in between year 1750 and 1820. It is the art produced in, or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and secular music. It was encompassing a broad period from roughly the 9th century to present times. Besides that, classical music contains that few or not genres of music contain because it is difficult to list the characteristics that can be attributed to the all work of that type. Classical music also meant to be experienced for its own sake. It is not likely with other forms of the music that can serve merely as a vehicle for poetry or other lyrical content. 2.4.1 Reduce Crime Classical music has a penchant for deterring crime. This is because classical music can make people reduce stress and anxiety. When people are facing a lot of problem, they will easily make crime. The reason is they cannot express their feelings when they are in stress or anxiety. Through listening to classical music, the problems that their faces will reduce and the crime within them will also reduce. Furthermore, listen to classical music such as Mozarts and Beethovens songs also can make people relax, not only body relax but also spiritual. When listen to classical music, people will intoxicated in that with peaceful. Their will enjoying on listen to the music and strengthen their heart when they feelings down. So, listen to the classical music can have positive effects toward society and peoples. 2.4.2 Strong bonds with family members Moreover, all kids are like to listen to certain kinds of music such as classical music. As parents should not be afraid of helping them to experience something different by take them to a few concerts to watch and listening to live music together. Through this actions, it can helps a family to get a better understanding of what is around them and it also will help them to appreciate the kind of music that they listen too much more. Besides that, during the free time, parents also can drive their children around once in a while. Tour them around the community while listening to the classical music that all the family members love more by radio. In addition, family members also can stay at home, strum the guitar and sing with other family members. All this actions can strong the bond with the family members when listening to the classical music. Thus, listening to the classical music has been brings a lot of benefits to people, not only can reduce crime but also can strong bond with family members. 2.5 Rock Rock is a form of popular music and it is usually featuring vocals but often with vocal harmony, electric guitars and a strong back beat. It is also known as Rock and Roll. Rock music is a genre of popular music that originating in the 1950s in America. It also is a popular music style that developed in the United States and Great Britain in the late of 1960s. Besides that, it is a blend of black rhythm-and-blues with white country-and-western and also is a generic term for the range of styles that evolved out of rock and roll. Not surprisingly, rock music was extremely difficult to apply a straightforward definition to such a restless musical format. 2.5.1 Drugs In the early year, the rock lifestyle was popularly associated with the drugs. This is because some musicians are using hallucinogenic drugs as enhancements to the listening experience. Teenagers who listened to the rock music were more inclined to use drug, though they were not more likely to use them excessively or become addicted. This is because some rock music has interrelated with drug-related values. Besides that, using drugs by parents has the greatest influence on adolescent drug use. The popularity and promotion of recreational drug that used by musicians may have influenced to the people. Thus, the use of drugs and the perception of acceptability of drug use among the youth of the period will also have negative effects toward people. 2.5.2 Violent Listen to the rock music will make people have violent behavior. This is because some rock music video will have aggressive lyrical content and this is often discernible only to the most attentive of listeners. Besides that, video based media which including music videos that make their violent content abundantly and graphically clear. In addition, some rock music songs have such garbled lyrics that they have given rise to debates about what the lyrics are. The angry-sounding of rock music will also increase aggressive thoughts and feelings regardless of the specific content of the music lyrics. Through this, people have been influenced by that, so they will act and do the violent behaviour after their listened and watched the music videos. Therefore, using drugs and violent behaviour were very common in this modern world and it is also has the bad influences after listened to the rock music. 2.6 Pop Pop music also is considered as popular music that has been knows by world. Through pop music, it helps a community to build a popular music on the starting career that everyone will be familiar with. For examples, Michael Joseph Jackson is the pop music artist and he was known as the King of Pop. Besides that, we also have the latest pop singer which is Justin Timberlake. As you can see the pop music singers are the most attracting singers throughout the world and all of their songs have almost been recognized. In addition, pop music also give an understood recorded music often oriented towards teenagers but usually pop music consist only short and simple love story. Pop music also has absorb others form of popular music, but as genre is particularly rock and roll on the later stage is rock style. 2.6.1 Gain Confidence Pop music is another way to gain more confidence. As a lot of experience pop artists, one way to gain more confidence is through sing pop music in front of the audience. Singing pop music song will helps a person to release their tension or stress. On the other hand, it will also give a person to have confidence and go after those long sought after goals. Listen to pop music will also help people out to release the fear that they have been attempt and help a person to gain more confidence on what they are doing. Besides that, pop music also is the one of the best way to gain more confidence and eventually will build a person talent or skills that will prove that they are capable of something and can contribute more to the society. For example like King of Pop Michael Jackson, he built up his confidence by singing all his pop music songs when he was at the stage. 2.6.2 Motivated to seek people dream Apart from that, pop music will help a person to seek their dream out. How is that so? According to some specialist through pop music, they can find person ability on what he or she can do. Pop music will easily let a person to show what hidden talent or skill they have inside more than other. Besides that, it is easier to let a person to focusing on that power to seek on the dreams they want to seek in he or she wanted. It is a very high possible that a person can be success through listening to pop music. It will bring out more and more people to motivate their dream. Therefore pop music not just only to help to gain more confidence when facing all kind of things such as in front of others but also will help a person to motivate themselves to seek their own dream easier to make a success in their life time. 2.7 RB The full name of RB was rhythm and blues. It is a genre of popular African-American Music that originated used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African-Americans. It was at a time when urbane, rocking, jazz based music with a heavy and insistent beat was becoming more popular. Besides that, it also had a number of shifts in meaning. In the early year 1950s and beyond, the term rhythm and blues was often applied to blues records. After rhythm and blues, this style of music contributed to the development of rock and roll. The term of RB became used to refer the music styles that developed from and incorporated electric blues, as well as gospel and soul music. Today, RB was defined as the modern version of the soul and funk that influenced African-American pop music that originated with the demise of disco in year 1980. 2.7.1 Expose teenagers to crimes In the other hand, listening to the RB music has been brings some negative effects among the people such as expose teenagers to crimes. This is because of some dancehall artistes promote violence and it lead teenagers doing the criminal activities after listening and watching the RB music videos. It also has been alleged that some artists have been involved in some of these criminal activities. Teenagers were easily influenced by the lyrics and content of music and videos. If the music and videos were promoted violence or immoral behavior, it may affect teenagers to act and follow to crimes. It also will influence the teenagers risk for picking up the habit of that. It was the worst problems of listening to the RB music that have contained and promoted violence and immoral behavior. 2.7.2 Sex In addition, RB tells the stories of struggle, love, sadness, and happiness. It does not have necessarily rally people behind a cause, but it does help them related to the cause. In year 1995 study, Ernest Hakanen shows that the RB or soul music is the most related to the feelings of grief and pride. RB music has increasingly become about sex from its lyrics to its music videos, as much as it is about love. Not only that, it also has changed the self-perceptions and self-esteem of young people, especially for the women. Moreover, the young people began to loosen attitudes on issues that relating to morality and promoted immoral behavior caused the cases of sex happened. This is because of the RB music is included freely expressed sexual desires and other features that were not as prevalent in other forms of popular music. Hence, listening to the RB music actually will also have negative effects like expose teenagers to crimes and sex toward peoples in this modern world. 3.0 Conclusion As you can see the different types of music can be influence to different personalities and characteristics out. By listening to jazz music, it could bring a person peaceful and also to release their painful emotion. Country music can made a fairly wholesome imagination and also help to connect with culture easier. Besides that, hip-hop music can made a person to be innovative and also help to express teenagers in a proper manner. According to specialist, listen to classical music could help people to reduce crime and also strengthen their bond with the family members. The negative influences, it can be bad by listening to the rock music because it is much easier to bring in drugs and violent to the society. On the other hand, for the pop music, it could help people to gain confidence and also motivated a person to seek their dream out. Last but not least was RB music; it could lead the crime toward teenagers and also encouraged teenagers to have sex. In conclusion types of music are proven to bring more positive on people than its drawbacks. As we can see on the types of music that have discussed on the different influence that has been brought out when listen to music. Types of music are absolutely more than just enjoyment. Music is the most beautiful things in this world. It always calms down people mind of thinking and gives a person a rest when their need it. Since music has been became one of the parts of the human life, why not everyone just well utilised it to make their life more wonderful. Music speaks that what people cannot be expressed, soothes the mind and gives it rest. It heals the heart and makes it whole and it was flows from heaven to soul. Therefore, do enjoy in music because it will changes people life become more interesting.